![]() In addition, personal deviation in human clavicle anatomy is large and variations between males and females have been reported. It is highly variable within a given population variation exists not only in length, which is approximately 140 to 150 mm (range, 118–162 mm) and diameter but also in its cross-section and the degree of bowing. It offers the only direct link between the axial and appendicular skeleton. The human clavicle is a unique double-curved S-shaped 3D structure with a complex morphology. In this article, we review the anatomy of the clavicle, review both surgical and nonsurgical options for midshaft clavicle fractures reported thus far, and discuss the optimal treatment options for fractured clavicles in adults. Īlthough numerous studies have reported on the management of midshaft clavicle fractures, definitive treatment strategies have not been defined and the various surgical techniques used have not been described. ![]() Recently, attempts to use three-dimensional (3D) printing technology on fracture surgery have been made. Traditionally, most clavicle fractures are treated nonoperatively however, various strategies for the surgical treatment of displaced midshaft fractures have been reported recently, including interfragmentary screw fixation, intramedullary (IM) fixation, cerclage wiring, and plate fixation. Most clavicle fractures occur in the midshaft accounting for about 80% of all clavicle fractures, followed by distal clavicle and medial clavicle fractures. Although 88.2% of all clavicle fractures occur in younger adults, a bimodal peak is observed in elderly patients due to simple falls from moderate height or falls from bed. Males are more often affected than females, and clavicle fractures most commonly occur in patients younger than 30 years of age. Direct trauma to the clavicle, as in contact sports or motorcycle and bicycle accidents, is the most common cause of fracture. Clavicle fractures are upper extremity fractures, and are one of the most common broken bones seen in the emergency room setting, accounting for 35% to 44% of shoulder girdle fractures and 2% to 5% of all adult fractures.
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